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Which of the following drugs may cause hyperchloremic acidosis?

a. Nitrofurantoin
b. Amlodipine
c. Zonisamide
d. Capecitabine
e. Adalimumab


Which of the following drugs may cause hyperchloremic acidosis?

a. Nitrofurantoin
b. Amlodipine
c. Zonisamide
d. Capecitabine
e. Adalimumab

Answer: (c). Zonisamide (Zonegran)is an antiseizure drug chemically classified as a sulfonamide and unrelated to other antiseizure agents. It is supplied for oral administration as capsules containing 25 mg or 100 mg Zonisamide.

Zonisamide is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. It can be taken with or without food. The initial dose of ZONEGRAN should be 100 mg daily. After two weeks, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day for at least two weeks. It can be increased to 300 mg/day and 400 mg/day, with the dose stable for at least two weeks to achieve steady state at each level. Evidence from controlled trials suggests that Zonegran doses of 100-600 mg/day are effective, but there is no suggestion of increasing response above 400 mg/day.

Zonisamide causes hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis).This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to the inhibitory effect of zonisamide on carbonic anhydrase.

Generally, Zonisamide-induced metabolic acidosis occurs early in treatment, but it can develop at any time during treatment. Metabolic acidosis generally appears to be dose-dependent and can occur at doses as low as 25 mg daily.

Conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet, or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of zonisamide.

Some manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated, metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis.

Somnolence, anorexia, dizziness, ataxia, agitation/irritability, and difficulty with memory and/or concentration are also reported side effects of Zonisamide.

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U.S. Health Coalition message: "Double Check, Don't Double Up" is in reference to which of the following?

a. Acetaminophen
b. Digoxin
c. Levothyroxine
d. Oxycodone

Answer: 


U.S. Health Coalition message: "Double Check, Don't Double Up" is in reference to which of the following?

a. Acetaminophen
b. Digoxin
c. Levothyroxine
d. Oxycodone

Answer: Acetaminophen. The Acetaminophen Awareness Coalition is launching a nationwide initiative today calling on consumers to double check their medicine labels so they don't double up on medicines that contain acetaminophen during the cold and flu season. Acetaminophen is the most common drug ingredient in America. It is found in more than 600 different medicines, including prescription (Rx) and over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers, fever reducers, sleep aids and numerous cough, cold and flu medicines. It is safe and effective when used as directed, but there is a limit to how much can be taken in one day. Taking more than directed is an overdose and can lead to liver damage.

Each year, Americans catch an estimated one billion colds, and as many as 20 percent get the flu. Seven in 10 consumers use over-the-counter medicines, many of which contain acetaminophen, to treat their symptoms. The Coalition is targeting its "Double Check, Don't Double Up" message to the more than 50 million Americans who use acetaminophen weekly for conditions such as headache and chronic pain, and directing them to double check their medicine labels before taking a cold or flu medicine that also contains acetaminophen.

When taking medicines for cough, cold or flu this coming season, consumers should follow these four simple acetaminophen safety steps:

1. Know if medicines contain acetaminophen, which is in bold type or highlighted in the "active ingredients" section of over-the-counter medicine labels and sometimes listed as "APAP" or "acetam" on prescription labels.
2. Never take two medicines that contain acetaminophen at the same time.
3. Always read and follow the medicine label.
4. Ask your healthcare provider or a pharmacist if you have questions about dosing instructions or medicines that contain acetaminophen.


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In a patient taking Erythromycin, the dose of Livalo should be restricted to:
 
a. 1 mg per day.
b. 5 mg per day.
c. 10 mg per day.
d. 25 mg per day.
e. 50 mg per day.


In a patient taking Erythromycin, the dose of Livalo should be restricted to:
 
a. 1 mg per day.
b. 5 mg per day.
c. 10 mg per day.
d. 25 mg per day.
e. 50 mg per day.
 
Answer: a. Pitavastatin (Livalo) is an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase. It is a synthetic lipid-lowering agent for oral administration. Each film-coated tablet of Pitavastatin (Livalo) contains1 mg. 2 mg or 4 mg Pitavastatin.
 
It is indicated as an adjunctive therapy to diet to reduce elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), triglycerides (TG), and to increase HDL-C in adult patients with primary hyperlipidemia or mixed dyslipidemia.
 
Doses of Pitavastatin (Livalo) greater than 4 mg once daily were associated with an increased risk for severe myopathy in premarketing clinical studies. PAtients should not exceed 4 mg once daily dosing of Pitavastatin (Livalo). The dose range for Pitavastatin (Livalo) is 1 to 4 mg orally once daily at any time of the day with or without food. The recommended starting dose is 2 mg and the maximum dose is 4 mg.
 
In patients taking erythromycin, a dose of Pitavastatin (Livalo) 1 mg once daily should not be exceeded. In patients taking rifampin, a dose of Pitavastatin (Livalo) 2 mg once daily should not be exceeded.
 
Rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria and acute renal failure and myopathy (including myositis) and liver enzyme abnormalities are principal side effects of Pitavastatin (Livalo).
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Ofirmev, available as an injection, is an antipyretic and non-opioid analgesic agent. Which of the following is an active ingredient found in it?
 
a. Acetaminophen
b. Ibuprofen
c. Tramadol
d. Aspirin
e. Pregabalin


Ofirmev, available as an injection, is an antipyretic and non-opioid analgesic agent. Which of the following is an active ingredient found in it?
 
a. Acetaminophen
b. Ibuprofen
c. Tramadol
d. Aspirin
e. Pregabalin
 
Answer: a
 
Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) is a non-salicylate antipyretic and non-opioid analgesic agent in injection dosage form. It is indicated for:

1. the management of mild to moderate pain;
2. the management of moderate to severe pain with adjunctive opioid analgesics;
3. the reduction of fever.
 
Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) may be given as a single or repeated dose for the treatment of acute pain or fever. No dose adjustment is required when converting between oral acetaminophen and Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) dosing in adults and adolescents. The maximum daily dose of acetaminophen is based on all routes of administration (i.e. intravenous, oral, and rectal) and all products containing acetaminophen.
 
Adults and adolescents weighing 50 kg and over: the recommended dosage of Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) is 1000 mg every 6 hours or 650 mg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) of 1000 mg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 4000 mg per day.
 
Adults and adolescents weighing under 50 kg: the recommended dosage of Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) is 15 mg/kg every 6 hours or 12.5 mg/kg every 4 hours, with a maximum single dose of Acetaminophen (Ofirmev) of 15 mg/kg, a minimum dosing interval of 4 hours, and a maximum daily dose of acetaminophen of 75 mg/kg per day.


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Nymalize, a calcium channel blocker, is indicated for which of the following?
 
a. Hypertension
b. Arrhythmia
c. Parkinson's
d. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
e. Depression


Nymalize, a calcium channel blocker, is indicated for which of the following?
 
a. Hypertension
b. Arrhythmia
c. Parkinson's
d. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
e. Depression

Answer:d.

Nymalize contains Nimodipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. An oral solution of Nymalize contains 60 mg of Nimodipine per 20 mL.

It is indicated for the improvement of neurological outcome by reducing the incidence and severity of ischemic deficits in adult patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from ruptured intracranial berry aneurysms regardless of their post-ictus neurological condition (i.e., Hunt and Hess Grades I-V).

The recommended oral dosage is 20 mL (60 mg) every 4 hours for 21 consecutive days.

Hypotension is the major side effect of Nymalize.


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Khedezla is indicated for the treatment of which of the following?...


Khedezla is indicated for the treatment of which of the following?

a. Hypertension
b. Depression
c. Arthritis
d. Type II diabetes
e. Parkinsons

Answer: (b) Depression

The active ingredient found in Khedezla is Desvenlafaxine. Desvenlafaxine (O-desmethylvenlafaxine) is the major active metabolite of the antidepressant Effexor (Venlafaxine), a medication used to treat major depressive disorder.
 
Khedezla contains the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) Desvenlafaxine, which is also contained in Pristiq. Pristiq was approved by the FDA in 2008 and contains Desvenlafaxine as the succinate salt.
 
Khedezla will be available in 50 mg and 100 mg strengths for once daily administration. The recommended dose for Khedezla is 50 mg once daily, with or without food. It should be taken at approximately the same time each day. Tablets must be swallowed whole with fluid and not divided, crushed, chewed, or dissolved.
 
In clinical studies, doses of 50 mg to 400 mg per day were shown to be effective, although no additional benefit was demonstrated at doses greater than 50 mg per day and adverse reactions and discontinuations were more frequent at higher doses.
 
Nausea, dizziness, insomnia, hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating), constipation, drowsiness, decreased appetite, anxiety, and specific male sexual function disorders are commonly reported side effects of the drug.
 


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What is the active ingredient found in Paxlovid? [Select ALL THAT APPLY]

a. Viramune
b. Saquinavir
c. Ritonavir
d. Nirmatrelvir
e. Remdesivir


What is the active ingredient found in Paxlovid? [Select ALL THAT APPLY]

a. Viramune
b. Saquinavir
c. Ritonavir
d. Nirmatrelvir
e. Remdesivir

Answer: (c and d). The active ingredient founds in Paxlovid are Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir. Nirmatrelvir is a SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitor, and Ritonavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor and CYP3A inhibitor. Nirmatrelvir is available as immediate-release, film-coated tablets. Each tablet contains 150 mg Nirmatrelvir. Ritonavir is available as film-coated tablets. Each tablet contains 100 mg Ritonavir.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the emergency use of the unapproved product Paxlovid for the treatment of mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults and pediatric patients (12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kg) with positive results of direct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral testing, and who are at high risk1 for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death.

Paxlovid may only be prescribed for an individual patient by physicians, advanced practice registered nurses, a licensed pharmacist and physician assistants that are licensed or authorized under state law to prescribe drugs in the therapeutic class to which Paxlovid belongs (i.e., ant infectives).

Nirmatrelvir must be co-administered with ritonavir. Failure to correctly co-administer Nirmatrelvir with ritonavir may result in plasma levels of Nirmatrelvir that are insufficient to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

The dosage for Paxlovid is 300 mg Nirmatrelvir (two 150 mg tablets) with 100 mg ritonavir (one 100 mg tablet) with all three tablets taken together orally twice daily for 5 days. Prescriptions should specify the numeric dose of each active ingredient within Paxlovid. Completion of the full 5-day treatment course and continued isolation in accordance with public health recommendations are important to maximize viral clearance and minimize transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

The 5-day treatment course of Paxlovid should be initiated as soon as possible after a diagnosis of COVID-19 has been made, and within 5 days of symptom onset. Should a patient require hospitalization due to severe or critical COVID-19 after starting treatment with Paxlovid, the patient should complete the full 5-day treatment course per the healthcare provider's discretion.

Paxlovid (both Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir tablets) can be taken with or without food.

Dysgeusia, diarrhea, hypertension, and myalgia are reported side effects of Paxlovid.


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Which of the following is/are non-economic costs associated with Medication Error?

I. loss of trust
II. reduced satisfaction
III. physical and psychological discomfort

a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All


Which of the following is/are non-economic costs associated with Medication Error?

I. loss of trust
II. reduced satisfaction
III. physical and psychological discomfort

a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All

Answer (e): In the two decades since the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released its landmark report providing recommendations for addressing medication errors, the focus on medication safety continues.

A recent meta-analysis of studies spanning from 2000 to 2019 suggest one in 20 patients are exposed to preventable harm in medical care with 25% of incidents being medication-related.

Medication errors impact an estimated 1.5 million people every year.

In 2019, Americans filled 5.96 billion prescriptions (30-day equivalent) which would result in an estimated 93,600,000 errors given a medication dispensing error rate of 1.57%.
The burden of medication errors is high.

Costs of treating drug-related injuries in hospitals are $3.5 billion a year,3 and the morbidity and mortality associated with medication errors is estimated to be $77 billion each year.

Beyond economic costs, errors are costly in terms of patients' loss of trust, reduced satisfaction and physical and psychological discomfort.

They are costly as health professionals lose morale and frustration at providing less than the best care possible.

Continued efforts to address medication error causes are critical to improve medication safety and public health. Pharmacists and the pharmacy team have important roles to play in preventing medication errors.


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Which of the following statements is/are TRUE ABOUT Palforzia? [Select ALL THAT APPLY]

a. The active ingredient found in Palforzia is Arachis hypogaea.
b. It is indicated to prevent peanut hypersensitivity.
c. It indicated for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
d. It should not be administered in patients with uncontrolled asthma.
e. It is available only through a restricted program Palforzia REMS.


Which of the following statements is/are TRUE ABOUT Palforzia? [Select ALL THAT APPLY]

a. The active ingredient found in Palforzia is Arachis hypogaea.
b. It is indicated to prevent peanut hypersensitivity.
c. It indicated for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.
d. It should not be administered in patients with uncontrolled asthma.
e. It is available only through a restricted program Palforzia REMS.

Answer: (a,b,d,e). The active ingredient found in Palforzia is (Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Allergen Powder-dnfp). It is an oral immunotherapy indicated for the mitigation of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, that may occur with accidental exposure to peanut. Palforzia is approved for use in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy.

Palforzia can cause anaphylaxis, which may be life-threatening and can occur at any time during Palforzia therapy. It is NOT indicated for the emergency treatment of allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis.

Prescribe injectable epinephrine, instruct and train patients on its appropriate use, and instruct patients to seek immediate medical care upon its use.

Do not administer Palforzia to patients with uncontrolled asthma. Observe patients during and after administration of the Initial Dose Escalation and the first dose of each Up-Dosing level, for at least 60 minutes.

Palforzia is available only through a restricted program called the Palforzia REMS.


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Patients should be advised to report immediately which of the following signs or symptoms when on Clozapine therapy? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].

a. Lethargy
b. Fever
c. Sore throat
d. Weakness
e. Severe nausea and vomiting


Patients should be advised to report immediately which of the following signs or symptoms when on Clozapine therapy? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].

a. Lethargy
b. Fever
c. Sore throat
d. Weakness
e. Severe nausea and vomiting

Answer: (a,b,c,d). Clozaril (Clozapine), an atypical antipsychotic drug, is indicated for:

1. Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
2. Reduction in the Risk of Recurrent Suicidal Behavior in Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorders

Because of a significant risk of agranulocytosis, a potentially Life-threatening adverse event, Clozaril (Clozapine) should be Reserved for use in

(1). the treatment of severely ill patients with Schizophrenia who fail to show an acceptable response to Adequate courses of standard antipsychotic drug treatment,

Or

(2). for reducing the risk of recurrent suicidal behavior in patients With schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who are judged to Be at risk of reexperiencing suicidal behavior.
Patients being treated with Clozapine must have a baseline white Blood cell (WBC) count and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) before initiation of treatment as well as regular WBC counts and ANCs during treatment and for at least 4 weeks after Discontinuation of treatment.

Clozapine is available only through a distribution system that Ensures monitoring of WBC count and ANC according to the Schedule described below prior to delivery of the next supply of Medication.

Agranulocytosis, defined as an ANC of less than 500/mm3, has been reported with Clozaril (Clozapine). Patients should be advised to report immediately the appearance of lethargy, weakness, fever, sore throat or any other signs of infection occurring at any time during Clozaril (Clozapine) therapy. Such patients should have a WBC count and ANC performed promptly.




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